Some Definitions, 4/18/2021
Eschatology: beliefs or teaching about last things.
The word derives from eschatos, the Greek word for “last.” Biblical
writings often distinguish between the present age or eon, the period of
history in which life is being lived, and the future, coming age, or period of
transformed existence that God will bring at the end of history.[1]
Preterism: The belief that all prophecy in the
Bible is really history. The preterist interpretation of Scripture
regards the Olivet discourse, the book of Revelation, etc. as a picture of
first century conflicts. The term comes from the Latin praeter,
meaning "past." Preterism is divided into two types: full
preterism and partial preterism.
The Millennium: (Lat. mille “thousand”
plus annus “year”). The “thousand years” of Christ’s
eschatological reign (Rev. 20:2–7). Numerous interpretations have been offered.
According to Rev. 20, the thousand-year period is
inaugurated by the following events: Satan is chained and imprisoned in “the
bottomless pit” for a thousand years (vv. 1–3; cf. 9:2), “those to whom
judgment was committed” are enthroned (20:4), and Christian martyrs are raised
to life and begin a thousand-year reign with Christ (vv. 4–6). When this period
has ended, Satan is released to bring together God’s enemies for battle; they
are defeated, and his eternal punishment begins (vv. 7–10), after which the
general resurrection of “the rest of the dead” occurs, followed by judgment
(vv. 5a, 11–15). Then “a new heaven and a new earth” are experienced (21:1).
The idea of such an interim period of earthly peace and
righteousness is found in some Jewish apocalypses (e.g., 2 Esdr. 7:28;
1 En. 91:14;
2 En. 32–33;
cf. Barn. 15)
as the reconciliation of earthly messianic hopes for the future with more
transcendent hopes centered on “new heavens and a new earth” (Isa. 65:17). In
some rabbinic discussions the issue was not whether such an interim would be,
but how long it would last.
Rev. 20 portrays a two-stage victory over death and the
forces of evil. Both stages involve a defeat of Satan, a resurrection, and
possibly (depending on interpretation of the first sentence in v. 4) a
judgment. The two stages are separated by a thousand-year period wherein those
who did not worship “the beast” or bear its mark reign victorious with Christ.
At the second stage the forces of evil are released only to be thrown into “the
lake of fire” for eternal punishment (vv. 10, 14–15).
The different views concerning this thousand-year period
arise from different answers to these questions: (1) What is the nature and
location (earth or heaven) of the reign of the Christian martyrs? (2) In what
sense is Satan bound? To what degree is he prevented from being active? (3)
What relation does the millennium bear to the present and to the Parousia? (4)
Is “one thousand” a literal measure of time, or a symbol like many of the other
numbers in the book of Revelation? (5) What is the relation, parallel or
subsequent, of the events portrayed in Rev. 20 to those portrayed in 19:11–21
and other parts of the book?[2]
Premillennialism: The belief that Christ’s
second coming will occur before the millennium and that he will then reign for
1,000 years on the earth. It is often mistakenly equated with
dispensationalism, which is premillennial in its eschatology; however
premillennialism long predates dispensationalism. The distinction is frequently
made by speaking of historic premillennialism, from which
dispensationalism is a departure.[3]
Dispensationalism: A theological system that
interprets the Bible and history according to specific ages or “dispensations”
where different principles governed God’s relationship with people. The
dispensationalist perspective has heavily influenced popular views of the end
times and eschatology.[4]
The Seven Dispensations:
- Innocence
- Adam to the Fall
- Conscience
- From the Fall to the Flood
- Human
Government - From the Flood to Babel
- Promise
- From Abraham to Moses
- Law
- From Moses to Christ
- Grace
- From the cross to the rapture of the church
- Millennial
Kingdom - A literal 1,000 year reign of Christ, ending with God's
judgment on the final rebellion.
Postmillennialism: The belief that Christ’s second
coming will be preceded by the Millennium, a golden age of gospel blessing upon
the ministry of the church. At Christ’s coming there will be the general
resurrection, the general judgment, followed by the creation of the new heavens
and the new earth, and the eternal state.[5]
Amillennialism: The belief that the Kingdom of God
was inaugurated at Christ's resurrection at which point he gained victory over
both Satan and the Curse. Christ is even now reigning at the right hand of the
Father over His church. After this present age has ended, Christ will return
and immediately usher the church into their eternal state after judging the
wicked. The term "amillennialism" is actually a misnomer for it
implies that Revelation
20:1-6 is ignored; in fact, the amillennialist's hermeneutic
interprets it (and in fact, much of apocalyptic literature) non-literally.[6]
[1] Richard
H. Hiers and Mark Allan Powell, “Eschatology,” ed.
Mark Allan Powell, The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary (Revised and
Updated) (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), 254.
[2] Allen
C. Myers, The
Eerdmans Bible Dictionary (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1987),
719–720.
[3] Alan
Cairns, Dictionary
of Theological Terms (Belfast; Greenville, SC: Ambassador Emerald
International, 2002), 336.
[4] Douglas
Mangum, The
Lexham Glossary of Theology (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2014).
[5] Alan
Cairns, Dictionary
of Theological Terms (Belfast; Greenville, SC: Ambassador Emerald
International, 2002), 334.
[6] “Eschatology:
Four Views On the Millennium,” Blue Letter Bible, accessed April 17,
2021, https://www.blueletterbible.org/faq/mill.cfm.
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